An analysis by Middle East commentator Hananel Aviv argues that the modern doctrine of 'unlimited warfare' — using civilian spaces as shields — originates with Mao Zedong's guerrilla model from the 1930s, later adopted by Fatah, the PFLP, Hezbollah, and Hamas. The piece references the Chinese book 'Unrestricted Warfare' by Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui as the contemporary formulation.
In an opinion piece published on the NTD Hebrew platform, commentator Hananel Aviv presents a historical counter to narratives attributing the concept of 'unlimited warfare' — the blurring of combatants and civilians — to Palestinian or Lebanese militant organizations.
Aviv traces the ideological core to Mao Zedong's doctrine from the 1930s: 'The fighter must swim among the civilian population like a fish in the sea.' He notes that Fatah and the PFLP translated and adopted Mao's texts as operational guidelines in the 1960s-70s, and Hezbollah and Hamas later added an Islamic ideological layer.
The piece cites the modern Chinese military text 'Unrestricted Warfare' (超限战) by Qiao Liang and Wang Xiangsui, which advocates moving beyond traditional battlefields into civilian, legal, and cognitive spaces — a lesson its authors drew from the 1991 Gulf War. The article is framed as an analysis, not a verifiable event or official statement.
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